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upstream and downstream industry chain of energy storage industry
The energy storage industry chain can be divided into three parts: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Energy storage material manufacturers and energy storage equipment manufacturers. Energy storage materials include lithium-ion battery cathode and anode materials, electrolytes, diaphragms, etc.
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upstream materials for energy storage batteries
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Lebrouhi, B.E.; Baghi, S.; Lamrani, B.; Schall, E.; Kousksou, T. Critical materials for electrical energy storage: Li-ion batteries.
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upstream and downstream enterprises in the energy storage industry
The upstream includes the production and supply of energy storage raw materials and core equipment, the midstream is the design and integration of energy storage systems, and the downstream is mainly for the operation and maintenance of energy storage systems and end-user applications, as shown in Fig. 1.
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